The parietal lobe is located at the top of the brain. Studies of humans who have damaged their frontal lobes show that parts of this area are involved in personality, socialization, and assessing risk. Neurons in the frontal lobe also control cognitive functions like maintaining attention, speech, and decision-making. For example, the neurons that control movement of the fingers are next to the neurons that control movement of the hand. Areas within the motor cortex map to different muscle groups, and there is some organization to this map, as shown in Figure 3. The frontal lobe also contains the motor cortex, which is important for planning and implementing movement. This lobe contains the olfactory bulb, which processes smells. The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain, over the eyes. For example, the neurons that control finger movement are near the neurons that control hand movement. Muscle groups that are neighbors in the body are generally controlled by neighboring regions of the motor cortex as well. Figure 2В illustrates these four lobes of the human cerebral cortex.ДЇigure 3.В Different parts of the motor cortex control different muscle groups. That being said, each hemisphere of the mammalian cerebral cortex can be broken down into four functionally and spatially defined lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. These techniques, and others, have given great insight into the functions of different brain regions but have also showed that any given brain area can be involved in more than one behavior or process, and any given behavior or process generally involves neurons in multiple brain areas. They use a technique called transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) to temporarily deactivate specific parts of the cortex using strong magnets placed outside the head and they use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to look at changes in oxygenated blood flow in particular brain regions that correlate with specific behavioral tasks. They also conduct animal studies where they stimulate brain areas and see if there are any behavioral changes. Scientists use various techniques to determine what brain areas are involved in different functions: they examine patients who have had injuries or diseases that affect specific areas and see how those areas are related to functional deficits. While patients do suffer some deficits following the surgery, they can have surprisingly few problems, especially when the surgery is performed on children who have very immature nervous systems.ДЇigure 2.В The human cerebral cortex includes the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.Д®ach cortical hemisphere contains regions called lobes that are involved in different functions. In fact, sometimes (very rarely) an entire hemisphere is removed to treat severe epilepsy. Although there are some brain functions that are localized more to one hemisphere than the other, the functions of the two hemispheres are largely redundant. A thick fiber bundle called the corpus callosum (Latin: вЂњtough bodyвЂќ) connects the two hemispheres and allows information to be passed from one side to the other. The cortex is made up of two hemispheres-right and left-which are separated by a large sulcus.

The outermost part of the brain is a thick piece of nervous system tissue called the cerebral cortex, which is folded into hills called gyri (singular: gyrus) and valleys called sulci (singular: sulcus). There are three different ways that a brain can be sectioned in order to view internal structures: a sagittal section cuts the brain left to right, as shown in Figure 1b, a coronal section cuts the brain front to back, as shown in Figure 1a, and a horizontal section cuts the brain top to bottom.

It includes the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. The brain is the part of the central nervous system that is contained in the cranial cavity of the skull.

Identify locations and basic function of the different parts of the brain.

Sagittal section of the brain